Forensic Accounting: Definition, History & Methods

What is Forensic Accounting?

Forensic accounting is the application of accounting, auditing, and investigative techniques to examine financial statements to detect fraud, asset misappropriation, financial crime, tax evasion, etc., and gather financial evidence.

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Forensic accountants investigate and confirm if any financial crime has been committed and ascertain the extent and damages of the crime.

They are considered expert witnesses and assist in administrative and legal proceedings to form opinions and verdicts in several types of court cases.

History

Forensic accounting came to the limelight with the conviction of the notorious gangster Al Capone. A certified public accountant Frank Wilson while working for US Internal Revenue Service, investigated the financial transactions of Al Capone during that time.

Due to Frank Wilson’s due diligence and analysis, Al Capone was indicted for federal income tax evasion in 1931. Though accountants have assisted in court cases as expert witnesses since 1817 (Meyer v Sefton), the Al Capone case brought forensic accounting to the fore.

“Forensic accounting” was coined by a New York CPA named Maurice Peloubet in 1946. The first book on the subject was published in 1982.

By 1960, almost 700 Special Agent Accountants were employed by the FBI to investigate financial crimes, tax evasion, organized crime, embezzlement, fraud investigation, accounting fraud, fraud schemes, and much more. To this day, it has evolved into Financial Crimes Section.

After the infamous Enron Scandal (the early 2000s), forensic accounting services became more significant all over the US. The Sarbanes-Oxley of 2002, though, hasn’t explicitly mentioned ‘forensic accounting experts’ but recommended:

Corporations to ensure compliance with mandates of the act can take guidance from the forensics for the same, and
Certified public accountants or public accounting firms may request assistance from forensic experts to ensure compliance with financial records.

Application Areas

The scope of forensic accounting and investigative techniques has been broadening with growing business complexities owing to globalization and technology.

From the investigation of frauds and crimes, forensic accountants now play a proactive role in fraud deterrence, consultants to internal audit committees, litigation support, settling insurance claims, exposing Ponzi schemes, disputes in divorce, and various other helpful activities related to court cases.

Forensic accountants are employed by larger accounting firms, government agencies, banks, law enforcement, the court of law, insurance companies, etc.

A forensic accountant is normally a certified public accountant – CPA. American Board of Forensic Accounting (established – in 1993) assesses the investigative skills of CPAs in its Certified Forensic Accountant program.

Similarly, the Association of International Certified Professional Accountants conducts a program that awards “Certified in Financial Forensics” credentials to forensic accountants.

infographic telling the uses of forensic accounting

A forensic accountant investigates and analyses financial data and assists in the resolution/evidence gathering or deterrence in the following scenarios:

Tax evasion
Identity theft
Fraud in insurance claims
Financial fraud
Embezzlement
Organized crime and money laundering
Terror financing
Hidden assets during divorce proceedings
Product liability claims.
Securities fraud
Fraud in financial reporting
Assisting in legal proceedings

Forensic accountants sometimes are employed by big corporations to conduct internal audits that help in fraud prevention at the earliest.

Methods

Forensic accounting and internal auditing should not be used interchangeably. Where internal audit aims to find and prevent errors and give a reasonable assurance of compliance, forensic accounting seeks to identify, establish and prove financial frauds, misconducts, appropriations, embezzlement, etc.

Forensic accountants appear on the scene when the crime has already been committed.

Since forensic accountants work closely with the court of law, thus their findings are to be backed by irrefutable and material evidence.

A forensic accountant works as an investigator and an explorer. He deploys scientific methods of inquiry, fraud discovery, evidence gathering, and criminal investigation. His methods can broadly be categorized into qualitative and quantitative methods.

Qualitative Methods include examining the personal traits and characteristics of perpetrators of financial fraud. Forensic accountants focus on suspects’ motives, opportunities, rationalization, and behavioral factors. It helps narrow down the suspects as many common traits are found among the perpetrators.
Quantitative Methods in forensic accounting focus on data collection and use data analytics to detect abnormalities, exceptions, patterns of misconduct, etc. In financial forensics, predictive modeling, Benford’s law, data mining, etc., are employed to gather factual evidence that can stand the scrutiny of the law.

Benefits

infographic depicting advantages of forensic accounting

Forensic accounting as a specialized field has witnessed tremendous demand for its services. With increasing financial complexities, the scale of business transactions, penetration of the internet, and globalization, the threat of fraud and crimes has also witnessed a manifold increase.

Forensic accounting is increasingly more relevant as the commercial landscape has been expanding ever since. Following are the benefits of forensic accounting:

Risk Mitigation: Forensic accounting is helpful in the early detection of fraud by analyzing patterns and data analysis. Early detection of anomalies helps prevent frauds that can save the company from future litigations, penalties, and loss of goodwill.
Better Corporate Governance: Forensic accounting contributes to establishing the basic tenants of corporate governance, which include responsibility, fairness, transparency, and accountability.
Mergers and Acquisitions: Forensic accounting assists investment bankers and valuation experts in their due diligence process. It forms the irrefutable basis for valuing the company and ensuring the fairness of the merger or acquisition.
Scientific Evidence Collection: As the process of evidence gathering is objective and scientific, all the involved parties are ensured of their unbiased nature. The reliability of the findings makes it an important basis for litigation support.
Business Valuation and Brand Building: Forensic accounting goes beyond compliance to ensure fairness, responsibility, and accountability. Organizations that withstand the forensic accounting processes are perceived to be more transparent and responsible, adding to their valuation and brand.

Limitations

Time-consuming: The organization’s accounting systems are investigated and subjected to numerous tests. The accounting data is verified, and all the parties involved with the transactions under scrutiny are probed. This data processing and evidence gathering is a time taking process.
Expensive: Forensic accounting is time-consuming and escalates the cost of conducting forensic audits. The fee for forensic accountants is higher than normal auditors. In case of any underlying legal suit, the company’s operations may be halted until the forensic accounting data gathering is complete.
Specialized Domain: Forensic accounting as a subject came to the fore in the post-modern world. As a new domain with specific knowledge that combines auditing, accounting, and investigating ability, there are far fewer forensic accountants than other professionals in the finance domain.

Forensic accounting ensures that the principles of corporate citizenship are upheld.

Akounto contributes to corporate citizenship by helping maintain accurate books of accounts. Expert support helps in responsible decision-making and safeguarding the stakeholders’ interests.